kartu ucapan

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Verse 1

The best part of the season is remembering The best part of the season is Remembering
those who make WHO make those
the holidays meaningful. the holidays meaningful.
We wish you all the love and happiness We wish you all the love and happiness
this season can bring. bring cans this season.
May it follow you throughout May it follow you Throughout
the coming Year. the coming Year.

The Ryans The Ryans
Gary, Maureen, and Alicia Gary, Maureen, and Alicia

Holiday Cards Verse 2 Holiday Cards Verse 2

Here's to a Here's to a
Season filled with warmth, Season filled with warmth,
comfort and good cheer! comfort and good CHEER!

Katie, Mark & Zoe Baker Katie, Mark & ​​Zoe Baker

Holiday Cards Verse 3 Holiday Cards Verse 3

Rebecca, Carl and Jacob Rebecca, Carl and Jacob
come careening over to say... come careening over to say ...
...here's to sliding into a daring, ... Here's to sliding into a online,
fun, adventurous fun, Adventures
New Year and here's to landing on your feet. New Year and here's to a landing on your feet.

Holiday Cards Verse 4 Holiday Cards Verse 4

May the magic & thrill May the magic & Thrill
of the holiday season stretch on! of the holiday season stretch on!

Cindy, Mike & Troy Matthews Cindy, Mike & Troy Matthews

Holiday Cards Verse 5 Holiday Cards Verse 5

Wishing you a Beautiful Wishing you a Beautiful
Holiday Season Holiday Season
and a New Year and a New Year
of Peace and Happiness. of Peace and Happiness.

Craig and Kelly Parks Craig and Kelly Parks

Holiday Cards Verse 6 Holiday Cards Verse 6

A Season of Joy, A Season of Joy,
Peace and Love Peace and Love
Happy Holidays! Happy Holidays!

Mark and Beth Hoover Mark and Beth Hoover

Holiday Cards Verse 7 Holiday Cards Verse 7

Warmest Thoughts Warmest Thoughts
and Best Wishes and Best Wishes
for a Wonderful Holiday for a Wonderful Holiday
and a very and a very
Happy New Year. Happy New Year.

Joe and Sara Conroy Joe and Sara Conroy

Holiday Cards Verse 8 Holiday Cards Verse 8

Greetings of the Season Greetings of the Season
and Best Wishes and Best Wishes
for a New Year. for a New Year.

The Baldwin's The Baldwin's

Holiday Cards Verse 9 Holiday Cards Verse 9

Wishing you the gifts Wishing you the gifts
of this Holiday Season of this Holiday Season
Peace, Hope and Love Peace, Hope and Love

Tom and Laura Peters Tom and Laura Peters

Holiday Cards Verse 10 Holiday Cards Verse 10

Holiday Greetings Holiday Greetings
and best wishes for a new and best wishes for a new
year of happiness in a world of peace year of happiness in a world of peace

Travis and Jennifer Dunn Travis and Jennifer Dunn

Holiday Cards Verse 11 Holiday Cards Verse 11

We wish you all of the best We wish you all of the best
this holiday season! this holiday season!

Peter and Katie Toth Peter and Katie Toth

Holiday Cards Verse 12 Holiday Cards Verse 12

The Peterson Family The Peterson Family
wishes you and all wishes you and all
those close to you those close to you
a joyous holiday season a Joyous holiday season
and a New Year and a New Year
of happiness and hope of happiness and hope
for a world of peace. for a world of peace.

Chad, Kim, Dan and Sam Chad, Kim, Dan and Sam

Holiday Cards Verse 13 Holiday Cards Verse 13

Celebrate... Celebrate ...
The warmth of the Season, The warmth of the Season,
the beauty of the Season, The beauty of the Season,
the memories of the Season, The memories of the Season,
and the joy of the Season and the joy of the Season
May you have peace and happiness May you have peace and happiness
this Holiday Season this Holiday Season

Tom, Julie, Jan and Angie Tom, Julie, Jan and Angie

Holiday Cards Verse 14 Holiday Cards Verse 14

May you and your family May you and your family
enjoy all the warmth enjoy all the warmth
this season has to offer. this season has to offer.
Have a wonderful Holiday Have a wonderful Holiday
and a New Year filled with love. and a New Year filled with love.

Chad, Cindy, Brad and Tom Chad, Cindy, Brad and Tom

Holiday Cards Verse 15 Holiday Cards Verse 15

Whatever is beautiful, Whatever is beautiful,
Whatever is meaningful, Whatever is meaningful,
Whatever brings happiness... Whatever Brings happiness ...
May it be yours this Holiday Season May it be yours this Holiday Season
and throughout the coming year. and Throughout the coming year.

Jeff, Meg, Sara and Peter Jeff, Meg, Sara and Peter

Holiday Cards Verse 16 Holiday Cards Verse 16

May your Holiday be decorated May your Holiday be decorated
with the most precious of gifts. with the most precious of gifts.

Greg, Lisa, Joel and Karen Greg, Lisa, Joel and Karen

Holiday Cards Verse 17 Holiday Cards Verse 17

As another holiday season approaches As another holiday season approaches
the Davidson family sends you The Davidson family sends you
their warmest wishes. Their warmest wishes.
May you find the true spirit of the May you find the true spirit of the
season and may it fill your heart season and May it fill your heart
with joy. with joy.

Jack, Jill and Sandy Jack, Jill and Sandy

Holiday Cards Verse 18 Holiday Cards Verse 18

To those we love To those we love
and see each day EACH day-and-see
and other loved ones and other loved ones
far away. far away.
To all good friends To all good friends
who mean so much WHO mean so much
and those with whom and those with whom
we're out of touch... we're out of touch ...

Wishing you every happiness this Wishing you every happiness this
holiday season and throughout holiday season and Throughout
the coming year. the coming year.

The Thompsons The Thompsons

Holiday Cards Verse 19 Holiday Cards Verse 19

May your holidays May your holidays
be filled with be filled with
sparkles and spirit. sparkles and spirit.

The Matthews Family The Matthews Family
Sam, Sara, Chad, Brad and Katie Sam, Sara, Chad, Brad and Katie

Holiday Cards Verse 20 Holiday Cards Verse 20

Wishing you laughter and cheer Wishing you Laughter and CHEER
all during the season and on During all the season and on
through the New Year! through the New Year!

http://translate.google.co.idF%2Fwww.bottlemeamessage.com%2Fholidayseasonsgreetings.php

Sejarah Toefl

The Test of English as a Foreign Language, or TOEFL (pronounced /ˈtoʊfəl/ TOH-fəl), evaluates the ability of an individual to use and understand English in an academic setting. It sometimes is an admission requirement for non-native English speakers at many English-speaking colleges and universities. Additionally, institutions such as government agencies, licensing bodies, businesses, or scholarship programs may require this test. A TOEFL score is valid for two years and then will no longer be officially reported^[1] since a candidate's language proficiency could have significantly changed since the date of the test.^{[citation needed]} Colleges and universities usually consider only the most recent TOEFL score.

The TOEFL test is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service (ETS) and is administered worldwide. The test was first administered in 1964 and has since been taken by more than 23 million students. The test was originally developed at the Center for Applied Linguistics under the direction of Stanford University applied linguistics professor Dr. Charles A. Ferguson.^[2]

Policies governing the TOEFL program are formulated with advice from a 16-member board. Board members are affiliated with undergraduate and graduate schools, 2-year institutions and public or private agencies with an interest in international education. Other members are specialists in the field of English as a foreign or second language.

The TOEFL Committee of Examiners is composed of 12 specialists in linguistics, language testing, teaching or research. Its main responsibility is to advise on TOEFL test content. The committee helps ensure the test is a valid measure of English language proficiency reflecting current trends and methodologies.

Formats and contents

Internet-based Test

Since its introduction in late 2005, the Internet-based Test (iBT) has progressively replaced both the computer-based tests (CBT) and paper-based tests (PBT), although paper-based testing is still used in select areas. The iBT has been introduced in phases, with the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy in 2005 and the rest of the world in 2006, with test centers added regularly. The CBT was discontinued in September 2006 and these scores are no longer valid.

Although initially, the demand for test seats was higher than availability, and candidates had to wait for months, it is now possible to take the test within one to four weeks in most countries.^[3] The four-hour test consists of four sections, each measuring one of the basic language skills (while some tasks require integrating multiple skills) and all tasks focus on language used in an academic, higher-education environment. Note-taking is allowed during the iBT. The test cannot be taken more than once a week.

1. Reading

   The Reading section consists of 3–5 passages, each approximately 700 words in length and questions about the passages. The passages are on academic topics; they are the kind of material that might be found in an undergraduate university textbook. Passages require understanding of rhetorical functions such as cause-effect, compare-contrast and argumentation. Students answer questions about main ideas, details, inferences, essential information, sentence insertion, vocabulary, rhetorical purpose and overall ideas. New types of questions in the iBT require filling out tables or completing summaries. Prior knowledge of the subject under discussion is not necessary to come to the correct answer.

2. Listening

   The Listening section consists of six passages 3–5 minutes in length and questions about the passages. These passages include two student conversations and four academic lectures or discussions. A conversation involves two speakers, a student and either a professor or a campus service provider. A lecture is a self-contained portion of an academic lecture, which may involve student participation and does not assume specialized background knowledge in the subject area. Each conversation and lecture stimulus is heard only once. Test-takers may take notes while they listen and they may refer to their notes when they answer the questions. Each conversation is associated with five questions and each lecture with six. The questions are meant to measure the ability to understand main ideas, important details, implications, relationships between ideas, organization of information, speaker purpose and speaker attitude.

3. Speaking

   The Speaking section consists of six tasks: two independent tasks and four integrated tasks. In the two independent tasks, test-takers answer opinion questions on familiar topics. They are evaluated on their ability to speak spontaneously and convey their ideas clearly and coherently. In two of the integrated tasks, test-takers read a short passage, listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and answer a question by combining appropriate information from the text and the talk. In the two remaining integrated tasks, test-takers listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and then respond to a question about what they heard. In the integrated tasks, test-takers are evaluated on their ability to appropriately synthesize and effectively convey information from the reading and listening material. Test-takers may take notes as they read and listen and may use their notes to help prepare their responses. Test-takers are given a short preparation time before they have to begin speaking.

4. Writing

   The Writing section measures a test taker's ability to write in an academic setting and consists of two tasks: one integrated task and one independent task. In the integrated task, test-takers read a passage on an academic topic and then listen to a speaker discuss the same topic. The test-taker will then write a summary about the important points in the listening passage and explain how these relate to the key points of the reading passage. In the independent task, test-takers must write an essay that states, explains, and supports their opinion on an issue, supporting their opinions or choices, rather than simply listing personal preferences or choices.

Task	Description	Approx. time
READING	3–5 passages, each containing 12–14 questions	60–100 minutes
LISTENING	6–9 passages, each containing 5–6 questions	60–90 minutes
BREAK	-	10 minutes
SPEAKING	6 tasks and 6 questions	20 minutes
WRITING	2 tasks and 2 questions	55 minutes

One of the sections of the test will include extra, uncounted material. Educational Testing Service includes extra material in order to pilot test questions for future test forms. When test-takers are given a longer section, they should give equal effort to all of the questions because they do not know which question will count and which will be considered extra. For example, if there are four reading passages instead of three, then three of those passages will count and one of the passages will not be counted. Any of the four passages could be the uncounted one.

Paper-based Test

In areas where the internet-based test is not available, a paper-based test (PBT) is given. Test takers must register in advance either online or by using the registration form provided in the Supplemental Paper TOEFL Bulletin. They should register in advance of the given deadlines to ensure a place because the test centers have limited seating and may fill up early. Tests are administered on fixed dates 6 times each year.

The test is 3 hours long and all test sections can be taken on the same day. Students can take the test as many times as they wish. However, colleges and universities usually consider only the most recent score.

1. Listening (30 – 40 minutes)

   The Listening section consists of 3 parts. The first one contains 30 questions about short conversations. The second part has 8 questions about longer conversations. The last part asks 12 questions about lectures or talks.

2. Structure and Written Expression (25 minutes)

   The Structure and Written Expression section has 15 exercises of completing sentences correctly and 25 exercises of identifying errors.

3. Reading Comprehension (55 minutes)

   The Reading Comprehension section has 50 questions about reading passages.

4. Writing (30 minutes)

   The Writing section is one essay with 250–300 words in average.

Test scores

Internet-based Test

• The iBT version of the TOEFL test is scored on a scale of 0 to 120 points.
• Each of the four sections (Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing) receives a scaled score from 0 to 30. The scaled scores from the four sections are added together to determine the total score.
• Each speaking question is initially given a score of 0 to 4, and each writing question is initially given a score of 0 to 5. These scores are converted to scaled scores of 0 to 30.

Paper-based Test

• The final PBT score ranges between 310 and 677 and is based on three subscores: Listening (31–68), Structure (31–68), and Reading (31–67). Unlike the CBT, the score of the Writing section (referred to as the Test of Written English, TWE) is not part of the final score; instead, it is reported separately on a scale of 0–6.
• The score test takers receive on the Listening, Structure and Reading parts of the TOEFL test is not the percentage of correct answers. The score is converted to take into account the fact that some tests are more difficult than others. The converted scores correct these differences. Therefore, the converted score is a more accurate reflection of the ability than the correct answer score is.

Accepted TOEFL Scores

Most colleges use TOEFL scores as only one factor in their admission process. Each college or program within a college often has a minimum TOEFL score required. The minimum TOEFL iBT scores range from 61 (Bowling Green State University) to 109 (MIT, Columbia, Harvard).^[4] A sampling of required TOEFL admissions scores shows that a total TOEFL iBT score of 74.2 for undergraduate admissions and 82.6 for graduate admissions may be required. It is recommended that students check with their prospective institutions directly to understand TOEFL admissions requirements.

ETS has released tables to convert between iBT, CBT and PBT scores.

TOEFL Junior

ETS (Educational Testing Service) also offers the TOEFL Junior, a general assessment of middle school-level English language proficiency, and a distinct product within the TOEFL family. The TOEFL Junior is available only to students of ages 11-14 and is not considered a predictor of a student's regular TOEFL score.

Registration

• The first step in the registration process is to obtain a copy of the TOEFL Information Bulletin. This bulletin can be obtained by downloading it or ordering it from the TOEFL website.
• From the bulletin, it is possible to determine when and where the iBT version of the TOEFL test will be given.
• Procedures for completing the registration form and submitting it are listed in the TOEFL Information Bulletin. These procedures must be followed exactly.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOEFL